Prateik Babbar and Amy Jackson star in the A.R. Rahman musical, "Ekk Deewana Tha". (Photo: Fox Star Studios)
While a tagline of ?A perfect romance?more or less?, we wonder where the ?more? went and why we were just left with ?less? in ?Ekk Deewana Tha?.
Sachin (Prateik Babbar), a 22-year-old mechanical engineer/aspiring filmmaker, sees neighborhood minx but homely sweetheart Jessie (Amy Jackson) and instantly falls in love. But after suffering through an initial period of unrequited love, and then a little bit of forbidden love, we wind up with a bitter aftertaste?and that?s only by the film?s intermission.
We don?t know whom to blame for this mess, but we can be kind enough to say that it doesn?t fall solely on one person. It?s a shame, considering the original Tamil and Telugu counterparts fared quite well.
The story is formulaic and trite?one that has been used time and time again, and dragged out to the point of no end. The difference in this case is that the plot progression and characterizations are so weak, that at various points you find yourself wondering where the story is going and how any particular scene is contributing to it.
The interactions and dialogues are not relatable or believable, with abrupt and unrealistic declarations of love that make you cringe. In fact, they?re essentially nothing short of awkward. Then throw in some obstacles that seem added just to lengthen the already unnecessarily long film, such as the fact that Jessie is forbidden to watch films on account of religion, and her family does not know who Amitabh Bachchan is. Yes, because that is the biggest issue here.
The editing is choppy, and the music is not A.R. Rahman?s best. Having said that, Babbar and Jackson should be applauded for doing the best they can in a horrible situation. Jackson shows minimal expression or range, but that can likely be blamed on how poorly her character was written and how confused she comes across. Babbar?s portrayal of a lovesick puppy leaves a bit to be desired. We all know he?s capable of acting, and so it?s unfortunate what is supposed to be a Romeo-type character comes off as a break-dancing stalker in need of a hefty restraining order.
The star of it all?the one that easily steals the show?is actually the location. Kerala has never looked more scenic or beautiful. And so, good job, Kerala!
Verdict? Skip it. All together. No, don?t even catch it on DVD.
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Saniya Tabani is a contributing writer to Divanee.com.
New Health And Fitness.Org - Health Information You Can Use
This Fitnex R50-S has only had 5 reviews stay with me it up to now, which is okay as you can get a flavour for a way good it is considered to be. Of the 5 reviews read, four these are in the maximum rating of 5, the other rating was a 1. Firstly let?s along with the negative to get that out of the way in which, it?s purely a shipping issue, therefore absolutely no-fault of additionally ? Now towards the positives, all shipped well and received packed without damage. The product was in order to assemble although instructions could have been a bit better. The swing arm design is a serious positive, some do prefer to observe the TV instead of the console. You will be capable of read all you practice programme data, you?ll be able to even vary from miles to kilometres in the event you prefer. For your added comfort you might have an on board powerful fan, a conveniently located water bottle holder, magazine rack, along with gear basket to place your essential in whilst working out such as towels, magazine etc. When deciding on the best recumbent exercise bike for you, the most effective place to start is to read the product related recumbent bike reviews. There can be quite a couple of that you enjoy, nevertheless there may make sure features that you just prefer on one as compared to another, as an instance a fan, price monitor, programs etc. By reading the recumbent exercise bike reviews can help highlight a number of the features, and you could decide that the Nautilus R514 is the appropriate choice a person personally. With an stationary recumbent bike, you?ll find that you simply are in a position to adjust the seat to a position which is perfect in your size. Compare this to a standard upright bike where, it can be one size fits all and, you?re forced to remain within the same upright position in the course of your workout ? Benefits ? One major benefit how the recumbent stationary bike has over other kinds of exercise equipment is the complete workout it offers a superior combined with the ergonomic positions there is. The motion in the bike will make for a rigorous workout, but the position of the seat and also the extension of the legs means that you can get that workout by remaining in the natural, comfortable position. The design is kind of intuitive and after you have seated yourself, you?ll find which the pedaling motion comes naturally. Physical Benefits ? Though there are several cardiovascular and weight reduction benefits associated using the recumbent stationary bike, you can see that another of the best benefits of the piece of exercise machines are the relief permits your joints, back and neck. While you?ll have to wait for your bike to be delivered in case you go for that lower prices the particular Schwinn 240 Recumbent stationary bike currently located online and there may be some assembly required, just can?t beat the features available on this bike once it can be set up and able to be used. There are seventeen preprogrammed workouts and sixteen amounts of resistance to make sure you stay motivated and challenged since your fitness levels improve plus the console really easy to study with a multi-colored backlit screen. This can be a very durable bike having a 20 pound flywheel and Eddy Current braking mechanism which ensure an even, easy ride with adequate resistance where needed. Extra convenience features such as a reading rack your handlebars the place to keep magazines or books under the seat. What consumers who have taken the time for you to review this bike online often love the most is its ability to match people several heights and shapes. Some of the programs aren?t that easy for beginning, but when you start on the bottom sets you can find that as you may get fitter you will become quicker and loads better. It?s importance of starting the actual manual mode so you get more confident then progress onto among the 22 pre-sets. The York C301 Exercise Bike is included with a the power to put in place different people onto it, hence anyone who want so use it?ll have their unique setting saved. Easy To Use ? The York C301 Exercise Bike is a excellent model from York Fitness. Unlike other value for money bikes utilize belt resistance this actually is often a magnet braked exercise cycle.
Weight loss ? It goes without which recumbent exercise bikes might help you with weight-loss, but this kind of device can help you focus on losing weight in the correct area. The legs, thighs and abdomen are engaged if you use workout equipment, thus targeting the issue areas. When you use the recumbent exercise bike, you can be sure that you are working together with the parts within your body that need constant maintenance. Once you are trying a stationary recumbent fitness bike, you?ll never feel the need to go back with an upright standard exercise bike. On a recumbent stationary bike, you may get a great workout and ride to health overall comfort. Completely different from the routine bike without backside assistance for virtually every cyclist, recumbent exercise motorbikes is designed to match the person in order to slope although training. There are plenty with decisions with reference to deciding on exercise machines. Just that you stroll within the apparatus retail store, you would possibly realize that we now have tons linked to exercise workout tools to select from. When selecting cardio exercise working out tools, you need to bear in mind that safety and comfort should be on the top listing. Signs exercise workout gear are generally recumbent exercise bicycles, and listed here are several things that you should consider. Essentially, staying inside the same position a good upright stationary exercise bike will be quite stressful a number of people can no longer use standard exercise bikes due to the posture that is critical. With a recumbent stationary bike, nevertheless, the body shouldn?t be required to be held painfully, stressfully upright ? Cardio ? Aerobic Benefits ? All with the cardiovascular benefits you receive from a typical stationary exercise bike you furthermore may receive with the recumbent exercise bike. All of the experience of the recumbent fitness bike is within your hands you can set the issue or grade with the ?ride? end up being off. When you pedal, you?ll be exercising the low portion of the body and ensuring that you get your price up. The motion and concentration of this workout is entirely dependent upon what you want to put involved with it and is not you choose. A Little Bit about the Bike ? The Body Sculpture BC6730G stationary bike will certainly provide anybody wishing enhance his level of fitness with the necessary amenities. The magnetic bike incorporates an associated with features that allow you to monitor your speed, distance, and time as well as keep track of recovery, calories, and body fat. This economical cycle incorporates transport wheels so you possibly can move the exercise bike from one room to the next and foot pedals which are affixed with straps. The deluxe saddle could be set the convenient height for riding too with the bike holding a capacity of 120 kg. The Customer is King ? You will like the braking system the particular bike as well as the quietly running belt that is built to last. York C301 Cycle Features. Class A rated ergometer. Weight 39kg. Length106 x W59 x Height139 cm. 150kg maximum user weight.
Exercise bikes have always been regarded as the most popular way for getting fit, irrespective of your weight, age or fitness goal. Well known advantages of exercise bikes include low impact exercise, suitability with extensive selection of training needs, low maintenance and compact sizing. We took the time for you to outline a number of essential tips to remember during your exercise bike purchase. Budget considerations ? The cost of exercise bikes vary immensely depending its features and overall design. Top of the range exercise bikes can run you anything from US Dollars 350 plus. The York C301 Exercise Bike presents excellent value for cash and is ideal for those people wanting to get fit in the privacy of their particular home. If you want a simple to use upright exercise cycle which comes with lots of functions and pre-set workouts then I would recommend you read my York C301 Cycle Review. This is a prime quality exercise cycle and the advantages to utilizing it are that it?s going to help in order to burn unwanted fat and calories and let you lose weight whilst within the comfort within your lounge, or home gym. York C301 Pre-Set Work-Out Programs ? York C301 includes twenty two pre-set programs meaning you can get started right away. There can also be the manual mode and price controlled mode (HRC) which is really a rating exercised on what your age is therefore gives which you best price pulse which may be monitored through the handlebars that measure your beats. York C301 Exercise Bike Review Cheap Deals is one of the best place I actually have seen on the internet so far. The Fitnex R50-S recumbent exercise bike is a superb innovation, incorporating a swing arm design which allows for easy access. You can opt to have the monitor in front people or you possibly can swing against each other to the side if you need an uninterrupted view ahead. This bike looks good, it?s simple to use, and contains 16 amounts of resistance across 6 different programs, therefore lots to make you stay going and enjoying your exercise sessions. Recumbent Bike Reviews ? Our Opinion your Fitnex R50-SWe offer our very best recumbent stationary bike reviews on a number of different brands. People are encouraged by the awareness their a feeling of function may give them a break having recumbent bike reviews one thing needed. Psychologist mentioned ?We?ve manufactured exercise sense that job to a lot of people today, in preference to a great gift many people give ourself. Physical activities effectively help the thinking processes end depression symptoms. You will find different types of non moving bikes helpful for heart vascular exercise session ? a spinning bike, semi-recumbent stationary bike plus recumbent stationary bike. A recumbent bike can be preferred plenty of simply because comparable to home trainer, it melts fat laden calories greater compared to the remainder. The bike is straightforward to maneuver, so you?ll be able to simply position it in front of the television and start training session. Many have remarked on the sturdiness in the frame, and also the firm yet comfortable seat and back rest. They stated how the bike is comfortable, nice looking, easy to advance, quiet, and smooth. One of the issues that they rated it higher than any others they?ve tried is the fact that it is silent, no matter how hard the bike is going to be pedaled. Not only is it quiet, nevertheless the strides will also be smooth, almost like you are gliding along.
You will be capable to read all you workout programme data, you can even vary from miles to kilometres in the event you prefer. For your added comfort you?ve an agreeable powerful fan, a conveniently located water bottle holder, magazine rack, any gear basket to place essential in whilst working out such as towels, magazine etc. When deciding on the very best recumbent fitness bike for you, the very best place to begin is you just read the product related recumbent bike reviews. There may be quite a couple of that you want, however there may be sure features that you just prefer on one as compared to another, as an example a fan, heart and breathing monitor, programs etc. By reading the recumbent stationary bike reviews will help highlight among the features, and you could decide that this Nautilus R514 is the right choice an individual. Our quest continues to help you get started with finding the right exercise bike to fit your needs. Pre-programmed exercises and their benefits ? Do you often struggle with motivation Hate precisely the same routine everyday Investing in a very pre-programmed exercise bike may be the response. Pre-set workout programs are an ideal way of providing variety and motivation for dull and dreary workouts. Some fancier and after all more expensive bikes offer price triggered programs that use your heart rate, to either increase or decrease bike resistance while still keeping your heart and breathing as near to pre-set rate as possible. This is a great way to obtain the exercise you need while assisting with much needed weight-loss. Most people but can?t or don?t need to spend such huge sum of money on a motorcycle It is yet important to understand that you will get an individual pay for, with standard stationary bikes start from US Dollars 100. Space ? Its always recommended that you measure the planned location for your bike before you make your actual purchase. Even if an exercise bike is appears to be rather smaller than average and it?s best to make sure that the equipment will fit the space wherein you intend it to, perfectly. Dimensions are usually clearly indicated on solution details page should you choose to purchase online or on the bike self or its packaging situation of of in store purchase. Warranty check ? Some exercise bikes come with a 1 year materials warranty, while one other 90 percent have 2 year parts and labor warranty coverage. They are actually quite amazing juggling these together if you consider the consistency from the delivery these kinds of. This is greatest reason, perhaps why fitness enthusiasts, too as those health-conscious users love it. Who wouldn?t if you end up provided with excellent choices to the particular brand alone. But, because it is numerous functionalities, a lot one to really know what you require. Otherwise, you?ll surely get all of its boasted functions and might not really need them. You should also do not forget that easy access to all control knobs or buttons is a must. What does one need by way of workout structure ? Are you an overall beginner in need of help about how long and hard you must workout initially Consider buying an stationary bike that has preset programs and courses. It?s good to consider ahead too- once you get the design of it likelihood is you?re going to want to have more treatments for exercise structure, hence an exercise bike able to store custom programs is your best bet. Do you would like monitoring ? Most modern, high-end fitness bikes have intricate monitoring systems that assist you keep track of heart rate, calories expended, distance traveled, plus the like. If you prefer to know this info then try to be prepared invest a extra on an exercise bike.
In some cases, the client simply figured he necessary to buy a motorcycle that was considerably better for his size. The Stamina Elite Total Body Recumbent Bike gives you two workouts for the price of one You work your lower body in order to pedals in the usual recumbent stationary bike method, plus you can workout your arms shoulders and back using the top of rotating handles. Stationary cycling is regarded as be one of the efficient low-impact fitness methods enhance your metabolism, tone up, get stronger, and melt away calories and that extra fat, and for that reason you may a Stamina Elite to your Best Recumbent Exercise Bike a person personally. Recumbent Bike Reviews ? Our Opinion on the Stamina Elite ? The Stamina Elite Total Body Recumbent Bike reviews very well. Of the 20 Amazon reviews read, thirteen associated with gave it the maximum of 5 rating, three gave it 4, and four gave it 3 rating. One of the styles of Precor stationary bicycles that proves that expense tag does not have to mean an overestimated product, will be the 846I recumbent bike. The 846I-R, classified as your house use machine, can be a self powered recumbent exercise bike that can full regarding technology with a strong back-up rechargeable battery and efficient power generation since you exercise. And even though the pedals provided are very nice, comfortable and all sorts of that, the 916 crank arms accept any standard mountain or road bike pedal. Precor 846i-R Bike Specification so Type of Resistance no contact magnetic generator Resistance Levels 20o Dimensions 57? x 24? x 48?o Product Weight 160 lbso Max User Weight 350 lbso Display LCD LCD TVo Programs 12o Warranty Lifetime Frame, 10 years parts, and 1 year labor ? Precor exercise bikes are remarkably versatile machines and that is great for a casual user who to be able to firm and tone, people looking for serious weight loss and improved health, plus the individual that?s a serious athlete searching for a machine which will take the strenuous workouts and long hours of use normal with intense training. It is really because the function is smooth and quiet and also the aesthetic value of the machine is undeniable. So, while looking at the very best recumbent bike reviews, the Stamina Elite Total Body Recumbent Bike has risen there with the most effective of them. With over 25 years of experience Smooth Fitness has mastered the art of constructing high quality and ergonomically designed home exercise equipment. What made Smooth Fitness the top name this particular business is its commitment in proving its consumers not just with highly rated products, however great customer service too. From industry-leading warranties, next-business-day shipping, extended service support to factory direct pricing ? all these has helped Smooth Fitness end up being the 1 online retailer of exercise and fitness equipment available in the market today. A nationwide service support well over 600 authorized technicians and 30-day a reimbursement guarantee be certain that you ones purchased method well-protected. You should also remember that easy access to every one control knobs or buttons is essential. What do you need in terms of workout structure ? Are you all round beginner short of funds of help about how long and hard you should workout 1st Consider buying an stationary bike that has preset programs and courses. It?s good to trust ahead too- when you get the style of it chances are high you?re going to need to have more treating exercise structure, hence an exercise bike in a position to store custom programs is your best bet. Do you need monitoring ? Most modern, high-end fitness bikes have intricate monitoring systems that allow you to keep track of heartbeat, calories burned, distance traveled, and also the like. If you wish to know this info then you should be prepared to shell out a much more on an fitness bike. Proform stationary bikes are a good lower priced option that offers most of the basic features that some home users are content with. They might not exactly represent some of the reviewed bikes on the market, but they are a low priced alternative that delivers prime quality. Exercise bike reviews could be a valuable resource should you take the time for you to read them thoroughly. What one person considers inadequate may be exactly a person are looking for, hence take the time to do the study and you are more more likely to really enjoy the exercise bike that you just ultimately purchase and produce home. There are a couple of exercise bikes available out there and hence it could prove difficult for clients seeking suitable bikes to choose one that can suit the requirements.
You usually are not alone in case you are contemplating giving your gym membership so as to save some monthly expenses. It seems the gyms are emptying out during our current financial meltdown since therefore many individuals are finding the one-time expense of getting home home exercise equipment to be manageable than working out in a public facility. If you?re considering physical exercise bike on your home, you?ll be able to?t go wrong using the Schwinn 240 recumbent stationary bike. Not only are definitely the console and seat completely adjustable to be certain you find a comfortable position to your body, nevertheless the ergonomically correct padding about the seat protects muscle tissues and further delivers a comfortable ride. This bike also incorporates a perimeter weighted flywheel and over sized levelers and stabilizers to deliver an easy, stable ride that keep you feeling secure via the workout. When you look at reviews and customer opinions around, you?ll pretty much receive a positive remark onto it. There have been a terrific number of men and women swearing on solution, nevertheless there are those which might be quite hesitant to present in in that ultimate decision of a Horizon purchase. So how about let?s point out the top selling points of Horizon?s model bike ? Basic models are available in simple while not having to get that spend. Hence, you?ll pretty much hear the cliche line value for cash on this product. And yes, you read that right These machines come inexpensive for basic models, when you?ll normally find them free of special features. Exercise bike reviews have confirmed that newer upright bikes are simply as prime quality as recumbent bikes. What can reading loads of consumer exercise bike reviews show you For starters, they?ll open the eyes to the wide range of features available on the market today, especially whether it has been awhile since you looked into making workout at home purchase. Secondly, reviews will assist you to narrow down your selections by removing those which are not constructed properly or that simply don?t offer a person are in search of at these times. Consider three of the most effective bikes currently available on the market, regarding which always receive excellent reviews from many pleased customers. While most bikes on the modern market use mechanical resistance, this bike uses an over sized air flywheel which means that you can increase the level of resistance better you pedal. A quick overview. Magnetic flywheel resistance is probably the most current system on modern exercise bikes. It may be very quiet however has a restricted levels, and are likely to break after intensive and sustained use. Air resistance works by using air to get tension via one of the wheels that greatly looks and acts as a fan. Its main advantage is its virtually limitless regarding resistance- better and faster you pedal, the more resistance there may be . A York cycle is the most space efficient associated with home fitness equipment as it can be easy to maneuver between rooms providing you to lose weight on your individual terms and in your own time. and you?ll never forget ? This York exercise cycle comes with a lifetime frame warranty plus and One Year Other Parts Guarantee. York C101 Exercise Cycle Features. 8 levels of magnetic resistance. Manual adjustment magnetic resistance.
What exercise position are you most comfortable in ? The conventional and time-tested bike design is of course the upright bike. On another hand, folks who have postural problems may suffer uncomfortable this particular particular design, knowing that?s why the recumbent exercise bike was developed. This allows a person to sit down comfortably, leaning backward while pedaling so the back is supported through the entire workout. You should test at home . before you buy so you?ll know which one is most comfortable for. What resistance type would you prefer ? Exercise bikes include various resistance systems, each one with different advantages and disadvantages. Having in mind the considerations of your exercise levels by using it, you possibly can have them as guide in breezing through Nordic ? Track?s wonderful features. So what are the general things you?ll find in these exercise bikes One there?s magnetic resistance in the machines. It can be either that seat height, the programmed and programmable workouts, integrated fan and speakers, as well as other trade-marked features because the Electromagnetic Resistance System and Quick Touch ? among other patented features- that give effort-out a head start even as you climb in. And lastly, what premier brand does not are available in good warranty Nordic ? Track has an entire life guarantee about the machines? frames and motors, having a year guarantee the particular parts within-home service. So what does it let you know If it can do not speak to your account clear, then me personally spell it out. A Couple Positive Comments ? Comments were mainly favorable in regards to the bike with only a few consumers expressing dissatisfaction because of their purchase. One older consumer said he had looked at a number of exercise bikes prior to you buying the Body Sculpture BC6730G exercise bike. He liked the indisputable fact that the magnetic bike was for you to assemble and this took under 30 mins to set up. He furthermore found the bike for you to transport plus the programs the particular affordable cycle simple to comprehend. Another consumer, who and gave the exercise bike a very good review, said he felt additionally was structurally sound and believed that it might hold up well if the user took good care of it. This helps in going forward and making an educated choice rather then going by what the manufacturer puts in front of you. Detailed fitness bike reviews may not always contain all the information that a prospective buyer would be searching for. The prospective buyer is well advised not to jump to a conclusion based on what critiques on the internet say. However it must be borne in mind a review is not but an analysis of what are the user feels is good in the equipment. The user can be making an appraisal not from a lapse of a large time but shortly after the sale recently been closed. What add-ons do you want your exercise bike to have ? Almost all fitness bikes out available on the market at present have add-ons like water-holders, mp3 players, televisions, and the like. Decide which ones you absolutely must have to define your associated with cardio bikes to obtain. In general, it is best to always check out an exercise bike to get an understanding for it. Though there is a superb repository of information yow will discover online, nothing beats just planning to a exercise equipment store and riding 1. Keep at heart the belongings you?d during a bike and you?ll find the best one for you right away.
Such a recumbent bicycles are usually dependable and even more continual until this brief controls. Your short rim motorbikes hold the pedals while you?re watching leading wheel. They is perhaps easily moving compared to the extensive rim motorcycle and much easier to carry nicely as store. A further family of these kinds of cycles is founded on the placement of the cope with clubhouse. Reduced watering hole recumbent style bicycles will be an extra intricate to coach yourself than huge club but when that you might be make use of into it it can be really easier to push and so much more stress-free and cozy compare with great discos. Weight loss ? It goes without which recumbent exercise bikes may also help you with weight-loss, but such a device may also help you focus on losing weight in the proper area. The legs, thighs and abdomen are engaged while you use this exercise equipment, thus targeting the problem areas. When you use the recumbent stationary bike, you can make certain that you are using the services of the parts of your respective body that need constant maintenance. Once you are trying a stationary recumbent stationary bike, you will never feel the have to go back for an upright standard fitness bike. On a recumbent fitness bike, you can get a great workout and ride to health in total comfort. This Fitnex R50-S only has had 5 reviews read on it to date, which is okay as you will get a flavour for a way good it?s considered being. Of the 5 reviews read, four of them are at the maximum rating of 5, another rating any 1. Firstly let?s begin with the negative to get that out of the way in which, it can be purely a shipping issue, therefore absolutely no fault of the bike ? Now towards the positives, all shipped well and received packed without damage. The product was to be able to assemble however the instructions could in order to a bit better. The swing arm design is a significant positive, some really do prefer to look at the TV other than the console. Stationary bikes take a pounding should they actually utilized and aren?t simply in which sits around. Pedaling a bike produces forces that very rapidly tear a bike to pieces if it can be less than it needs to be. That?s why light-weight machines frequently self-destruct in significantly less time than you might imagine. But that might no be hence easy can be expected from taking a look at the specs of a motorcycle. See, your least expensive stationary bicycles now most probably have the same drive and basic design features as the more expensive bikes do. The York C301 Exercise Bike presents excellent value for cash and is right for those people wanting to get fit in the privacy of their own home. If you want a straightforward to use upright exercise cycle that comes with plenty of functions and pre-set workouts then I would recommend you read my York C301 Cycle Review. This is a prime quality exercise cycle and the advantages to deploying it are that it?s going to help you burn excess fat and calories and let you drop a few pounds whilst within the comfort of the lounge, or home fitness space. York C301 Pre-Set Work-Out Programs ? York C301 is sold with twenty two pre-set programs meaning you can get started immediately. There can be the manual mode and heartbeat controlled mode (HRC) which is a rating solved on what your age is and also so gives a best beat and breathing pulse which will be monitored through handlebars that measure your beats.
In the event that you want to have a look at such prices about the different types of exercise bikes, then reading exercise bike reviews would be a good choice. Another would be reading the author?s page which is talking about a cool exercise bike in this link provided here: Schwinn Exercise Bike
Pancreas can pump more insulin in response to the sugar
Web edition : Tuesday, February 7th, 2012
Scientists have a greater appreciation of fructose?s full flavor. The sugar, which is found predominantly in fruit, honey and more recently high-fructose corn syrup, tickles taste cells found on the pancreas (that?s right, the pancreas) (SN: 3/27/10, p. 22). The interaction can crank up the body?s secretion of insulin, which may be a concern for people prone to diabetes, researchers report online February 6 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Experiments with mouse and human cells and living mice reveal that fructose activates the same proteins in pancreatic cells that the tongue uses to taste sweets. When these cells are exposed to glucose ? the sugar that is body?s main source of energy ? and then get a hit of fructose, the cells pump out more insulin than with glucose alone, the researchers found.
?This is really beautiful mechanistic work,? says nutrition and metabolism expert Kathleen Melanson of the University of Rhode Island in Kingston. The research adds to a growing body of evidence demonstrating that taste cells are not just the providence of the tongue, says Melanson, who was not involved with the new study.
Insulin is a master regulator, keeping the right amount of glucose in the blood. So it makes sense that fructose alone doesn?t trigger insulin secretion, says cell biologist and physiologist Bj?rn Tyrberg of Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute in Orlando, Fla. If fructose triggered insulin release on its own, glucose levels in the blood could get dangerously low. ?The system seems to be elegantly made to keep a balance,? says Tyrberg, who led the new work.
Fructose has recently taken some heat for whacking metabolism out of balance. An issue is where the sweet stuff enters the metabolic assembly line: Most sugars join the process at a point where a supervisory enzyme can control the flow of goods. But fructose comes in farther down, where it can lead to an overproduction of fat. And because fructose on its own doesn?t stimulate the same insulin response that glucose does, the hormone isn?t doing the other regulatory things it usually does, like moderating appetite. The sugar content of high-fructose corn syrup is typically 55 percent fructose; the rest is glucose. Molecules of sucrose, or table sugar, consist of a fructose linked to a glucose.
In general, people should keep an eye on their intake of all sugars, Melanson says.
?It?s amazing how much people consume ? there?s a lot hidden, in things like stuffing and salad dressings,? she says. The quantities of fructose found in a spoonful of honey or an apple aren?t of concern, ?but our metabolic pathways aren?t designed to handle Big Gulps.? Found in: Genes & Cells and Molecules
KABUL (Reuters) ? Dwindling development aid as the war winds down in Afghanistan means child labor in the impoverished country is at risk of becoming more widespread, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) warned on Tuesday.
Half of Afghanistan's population of 30 million are under 15, with almost two million children in full or part-time work, UNICEF estimates of a country where war, poverty, unemployment and pride in having large families have created a huge underage labor market.
With foreign troops fighting Taliban insurgents pulling out by the end of 2014, global attention is dolefully shifting away from Afghanistan and its humanitarian needs, said the ILO's representative to Kabul Herve Berger.
"The issue of child labor may fall below the radar screen and be seen as less important after 2014," Berger told Reuters. "What is key here is ensuring enough sustainability."
Berger cited a report by the UN agency detailing one of the worst forms of child labor -- brickmaking in the dusty kilns in the country's east, where children work in a slavish cycle of debt that is almost impossible to escape.
Though both child labor and so-called bonded work are illegal in Afghanistan, children as young as five churn out hundreds of bricks a week for a few dollars to pay off family debts which swell the longer they work there.
Poor health from harsh working conditions, reliance on shelter and electricity provided by brick employers and denied education mean brickmakers are tied to their work.
With Afghanistan's construction boom -- a third of which is supported by foreign aid -- expected to dampen as aid dries up, brick demand will slump and the children will be forced further into poverty as the balance tips in favor of the employers.
This mirrors what could happen to Afghanistan on a larger scale when the aid vanishes, a process which has already started.
"All service sectors will be affected as aid dries up. Lower profit margins mean more children will be working," said Sarah Cramer, project manager at Samuel Hall Consulting, which conducted the study for the ILO.
Civilian aid, the vast majority coming from the United States, peaked in 2010 in Afghanistan and Washington has said it will spend less on development as it withdraws troops.
U.S. economic and humanitarian aid to Afghanistan fell from $4.1 billion in 2010 to $2.5 billion in 2011. The UN World Food Programme only managed to raise half of its Afghan budget last year as donors cut back as global economic woes mounted.
U.S. aid will be even lower this year as Washington shifts to sustainability projects, which they say require lower levels of funding.
Ensuring sustainability is one of the key concerns to be voiced at the major Afghanistan conferences in Chicago in May and Tokyo in July, Berger said.
He said that despite Afghanistan's pledge last year to set a minimum age for coal mine workers at 18, the country must be vigorous in eradicating child labor when exploring its untapped mineral deposits, plans which are already unfolding in the face of disappearing aid.
(Reporting by Amie Ferris-Rotman; Editing by Nick Macfie)
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Millions of people around the world gather around television sets for Super Bowl XLVI on February 5th. While the focus is centered on the gridiron battle between the New York Giants and the New England Patriots, football fans will also be treated to an ethical battle: The controversial issue of non-profit organizations investing millions of dollars on television commercials.
Major non-profits such as the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and Focus on the Family are veteran Super Bowl television advertisers that have been criticized not only for the content of their commercials, but also for the amount spent. For the two commercials featuring superstar NFL quarterback Tim Tebow, Focus on the Family spent $2.5 million. PETA is no stranger to controversy, and it routinely spends millions on different advertising efforts on television, billboards, radio, and other outlets. Both PETA and Focus on the Family are known as powerful and media-savvy non-profits that can certainly hold their own when it comes to balancing advertising budgets, but the question always lingers: How much is too much when it comes to marketing of non-profits?
Ethical Marketing
A business organization does not have to be a non-profit to engage in ethical marketing. Technology leader Apple, for example, has always procured a strong presence in American classrooms by offering their hardware at very low costs. In this fashion, Apple contributes to education and is capturing customers from an early age. That?s a good example of ethical marketing performed by a business organization that is decidedly non-profit.
When it comes to non-profits, the ethical label should not be applied to their marketing efforts, it should be prominently displayed in their operations. Non-profits cannot be reasonably expected to spend zero dollars in marketing. Their missions must be sold, and their messages effectively conveyed to the public. Successful marketing campaigns work wonders in several contexts, particularly for non-profits. In this regard, we can think about television commercial campaigns distributed by the United States Ad Council, like the Crash Test Dummies and Smokey Bear. A non-profit?s marketing campaigns can only be as ethical as the organizations they promote.
Just like Focus on the Family readily disclosed the amount spent on their Tim Tebow television commercials, non-profits should always exercise a high degree of transparency when it comes to their budgets, especially when it comes to disclosing the amounts allocated toward marketing. Anything related to finances must be straightforward. A rule of thumb for non-profit managers and directors to follow is that if a proposed marketing expenditure makes them feel uneasy, then they should not undertake it.
Marketing budgets should not take away from the non-profit?s ability to perform its mission or execute its business plan, but if marketing is the engine that powers the flow of donations, then it must be administered smartly.
Social Media Marketing for Non-Profits
Non-profits such as PETA and Focus on the Family may be able to rely on Super Bowl TV commercials to spread their message, but that doesn?t mean that every non-profit should go that route. Online social networking has been a boon for non-profits with tight marketing budgets. The major social media platforms like Facebook, Google+ and Twitter are perfectly reasonable for non-profit marketing due to their low cost, community-building features and opportunities for direct engagement of donors and benefactors.
An added advantage of social media for non-profits is that it thrusts them right into the court of public opinion, where members of the social networks typically demand transparency and highly ethical behavior. Non-profits that decide to make social media their primary marketing platform should closely adhere to the ethical and moral standards that their followers expect.
About the Author: John Patterson is a paralegal and content contributor for nosamis.org, a non profit marketing site concerned with furthering the industry?s Internet ethics.
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Sequencing a patient's entire genome to discover the source of his or her disease is not routine ? yet. But geneticists are getting close.
A case report, published this week in the American Journal of Human Genetics, shows how researchers can combine a simple blood test with an "executive summary" scan of the genome to diagnose a type of severe metabolic disease.
Researchers at Emory University School of Medicine and Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute used "whole-exome sequencing" to find the mutations causing a glycosylation disorder in a boy born in 2004. Mutations in the gene (called DDOST) that is responsible for the boy's disease had not been previously seen in other cases of glycosylation disorders.
Whole-exome sequencing is a cheaper, faster, but still efficient strategy for reading the parts of the genome scientists believe are the most important for diagnosing disease. The report illustrates how whole-exome sequencing, which was first offered commercially for clinical diagnosis in 2011, is entering medical practice. Emory Genetics Laboratory is now gearing up to start offering whole exome sequencing as a clinical diagnostic service.
It is estimated that most disease-causing mutations (around 85 percent) are found within the regions of the genome that encode proteins, the workhorse machinery of the cell. Whole-exome sequencing reads only the parts of the human genome that encode proteins, leaving the other 99 percent of the genome unread.
The boy in the case report was identified by Hudson Freeze, PhD and his colleagues. Freeze is director of the Genetic Disease Program at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute. A team led by Madhuri Hegde, PhD, associate professor of human genetics at Emory University School of Medicine and director of the Emory Genetics Laboratory, identified the gene responsible. Postdoctoral fellow Melanie Jones is the first author of the paper.
"This is part of an ongoing effort to develop diagnostic strategies for congenital disorders of glycosylation," Hegde says. "We have a collaboration with Dr. Freeze to identify new mutations."
Glycosylation is the process of attaching sugar molecules to proteins that appear on the outside of the cell. Defects in glycosylation can be identified through a relatively simple blood test that detects abnormalities in blood proteins. The sugars are important for cells to send signals and stick to each other properly. Patients with inherited defects in glycosylation have a broad spectrum of medical issues, such as developmental delay, digestive and liver problems and blood clotting defects.
The boy in this case report was developmentally delayed and had digestive problems, vision problems, tremors and blood clotting deficiencies. He did not walk until age 3 and cannot use language. The researchers showed that he had inherited a gene deletion from the father and a genetic misspelling from the mother.
"Over the years, we've come to know many families and their kids with glycosylation disorders. Here we can tell them their boy is a true 'trail-blazer' for this new disease," Freeze said. "Their smiles?that's our bonus checks."
The researchers went on to show that introducing the healthy version of the DDOST gene into the patient's cells in the laboratory could restore normal protein glycosylation. Thus, restoring normal function by gene therapy is conceivable, if still experimental. However, restoration of normal glycosylation would be extremely difficult to achieve for most of the existing cells in the body.
###
Emory University: http://www.emory.edu
Thanks to Emory University for this article.
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Discovery of extremely long-lived proteins may provide insight into cell agingPublic release date: 3-Feb-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Andy Hoang Ahoang@salk.edu 619-861-5811 Salk Institute
Salk researchers find that the adult brain contains proteins that last a lifetime
La Jolla, CA---- One of the big mysteries in biology is why cells age. Now scientists at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies report that they have discovered a weakness in a component of brain cells that may explain how the aging process occurs in the brain.
The scientists discovered that certain proteins, called extremely long-lived proteins (ELLPs), which are found on the surface of the nucleus of neurons, have a remarkably long lifespan.
While the lifespan of most proteins totals two days or less, the Salk Institute researchers identified ELLPs in the rat brain that were as old
as the organism, a finding they reported today in Science.
The Salk scientists are the first to discover an essential intracellular machine whose components include proteins of this age. Their results suggest the proteins last an entire lifetime, without being replaced.
ELLPs make up the transport channels on the surface of the nucleus; gates that control what materials enter and exit. Their long lifespan might be an advantage if not for the wear-and-tear that these proteins experience over time. Unlike other proteins in the body, ELLPs are not replaced when they incur aberrant chemical modifications and other damage.
Damage to the ELLPs weakens the ability of the three-dimensional transport channels that are composed of these proteins to safeguard the cell's nucleus from toxins, says Martin Hetzer, a professor in Salk's Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, who headed the research. These toxins may alter the cell's DNA and thereby the activity of genes, resulting in cellular aging.
Funded by the Ellison Medical Foundation and the Glenn Foundation for Medical Research, Hetzer's research group is the only lab in the world that is investigating the role of these transport channels, called the nuclear pore complex (NPC), in the aging process.
Previous studies have revealed that alterations in gene expression underlie the aging process. But, until the Hetzer lab's discovery that mammals' NPCs possess an Achilles' heel that allows DNA-damaging toxins to enter the nucleus, the scientific community has had few solid clues about how these gene alterations occur.
"The fundamental defining feature of aging is an overall decline in the functional capacity of various organs such as the heart and the brain," says Hetzer. "This decline results from deterioration of the homeostasis, or internal stability, within the constituent cells of those organs. Recent research in several laboratories has linked breakdown of protein homeostasis to declining cell function."
The results that Hetzer and his team report today suggest that declining neuron function may originate in ELLPs that deteriorate as a result of damage over time.
"Most cells, but not neurons, combat functional deterioration of their protein components through the process of protein turnover, in which the potentially impaired parts of the proteins are replaced with new functional copies," says Hetzer.
"Our results also suggest that nuclear pore deterioration might be a general aging mechanism leading to age-related defects in nuclear function, such as the loss of youthful gene expression programs," he adds.
The findings may prove relevant to understanding the molecular origins of aging and such neurodegenerative disorders as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
In previous studies, Hetzer and his team discovered large filaments in the nuclei of neurons of old mice and rats, whose origins they traced to the cytoplasm. Such filaments have been linked to various neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease. Whether the misplaced molecules are a cause, or a result, of the disease has not yet been determined.
Also in previous studies, Hetzer and his team documented age-dependent declines in the functioning of NPCs in the neurons of healthy aging rats, which are laboratory models of human biology.
Hetzer's team includes his colleagues at the Salk Institute as well as John Yates III, a professor in the Department of Chemical Physiology of The Scripps Research Institute.
When Hetzer decided three years ago to investigate whether the NPC plays a role in initiating or contributing to the onset of aging and certain neurodegenerative diseases, some members of the scientific community warned him that such a study was too bold and would be difficult and expensive to conduct. But Hetzer was determined despite the warnings.
He adds that without foundation funding, the study would not have progressed to the point that its findings are published in a leading journal.
###
About the Salk Institute for Biological Studies:
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies is one of the world's preeminent basic research institutions, where internationally renowned faculty probe fundamental life science questions in a unique, collaborative, and creative environment. Focused both on discovery and on mentoring future generations of researchers, Salk scientists make groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of cancer, aging, Alzheimer's, diabetes and infectious diseases by studying neuroscience, genetics, cell and plant biology, and related disciplines.
Faculty achievements have been recognized with numerous honors, including Nobel Prizes and memberships in the National Academy of Sciences. Founded in 1960 by polio vaccine pioneer Jonas Salk, M.D., the Institute is an independent nonprofit organization and architectural landmark.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Discovery of extremely long-lived proteins may provide insight into cell agingPublic release date: 3-Feb-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Andy Hoang Ahoang@salk.edu 619-861-5811 Salk Institute
Salk researchers find that the adult brain contains proteins that last a lifetime
La Jolla, CA---- One of the big mysteries in biology is why cells age. Now scientists at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies report that they have discovered a weakness in a component of brain cells that may explain how the aging process occurs in the brain.
The scientists discovered that certain proteins, called extremely long-lived proteins (ELLPs), which are found on the surface of the nucleus of neurons, have a remarkably long lifespan.
While the lifespan of most proteins totals two days or less, the Salk Institute researchers identified ELLPs in the rat brain that were as old
as the organism, a finding they reported today in Science.
The Salk scientists are the first to discover an essential intracellular machine whose components include proteins of this age. Their results suggest the proteins last an entire lifetime, without being replaced.
ELLPs make up the transport channels on the surface of the nucleus; gates that control what materials enter and exit. Their long lifespan might be an advantage if not for the wear-and-tear that these proteins experience over time. Unlike other proteins in the body, ELLPs are not replaced when they incur aberrant chemical modifications and other damage.
Damage to the ELLPs weakens the ability of the three-dimensional transport channels that are composed of these proteins to safeguard the cell's nucleus from toxins, says Martin Hetzer, a professor in Salk's Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, who headed the research. These toxins may alter the cell's DNA and thereby the activity of genes, resulting in cellular aging.
Funded by the Ellison Medical Foundation and the Glenn Foundation for Medical Research, Hetzer's research group is the only lab in the world that is investigating the role of these transport channels, called the nuclear pore complex (NPC), in the aging process.
Previous studies have revealed that alterations in gene expression underlie the aging process. But, until the Hetzer lab's discovery that mammals' NPCs possess an Achilles' heel that allows DNA-damaging toxins to enter the nucleus, the scientific community has had few solid clues about how these gene alterations occur.
"The fundamental defining feature of aging is an overall decline in the functional capacity of various organs such as the heart and the brain," says Hetzer. "This decline results from deterioration of the homeostasis, or internal stability, within the constituent cells of those organs. Recent research in several laboratories has linked breakdown of protein homeostasis to declining cell function."
The results that Hetzer and his team report today suggest that declining neuron function may originate in ELLPs that deteriorate as a result of damage over time.
"Most cells, but not neurons, combat functional deterioration of their protein components through the process of protein turnover, in which the potentially impaired parts of the proteins are replaced with new functional copies," says Hetzer.
"Our results also suggest that nuclear pore deterioration might be a general aging mechanism leading to age-related defects in nuclear function, such as the loss of youthful gene expression programs," he adds.
The findings may prove relevant to understanding the molecular origins of aging and such neurodegenerative disorders as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
In previous studies, Hetzer and his team discovered large filaments in the nuclei of neurons of old mice and rats, whose origins they traced to the cytoplasm. Such filaments have been linked to various neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease. Whether the misplaced molecules are a cause, or a result, of the disease has not yet been determined.
Also in previous studies, Hetzer and his team documented age-dependent declines in the functioning of NPCs in the neurons of healthy aging rats, which are laboratory models of human biology.
Hetzer's team includes his colleagues at the Salk Institute as well as John Yates III, a professor in the Department of Chemical Physiology of The Scripps Research Institute.
When Hetzer decided three years ago to investigate whether the NPC plays a role in initiating or contributing to the onset of aging and certain neurodegenerative diseases, some members of the scientific community warned him that such a study was too bold and would be difficult and expensive to conduct. But Hetzer was determined despite the warnings.
He adds that without foundation funding, the study would not have progressed to the point that its findings are published in a leading journal.
###
About the Salk Institute for Biological Studies:
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies is one of the world's preeminent basic research institutions, where internationally renowned faculty probe fundamental life science questions in a unique, collaborative, and creative environment. Focused both on discovery and on mentoring future generations of researchers, Salk scientists make groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of cancer, aging, Alzheimer's, diabetes and infectious diseases by studying neuroscience, genetics, cell and plant biology, and related disciplines.
Faculty achievements have been recognized with numerous honors, including Nobel Prizes and memberships in the National Academy of Sciences. Founded in 1960 by polio vaccine pioneer Jonas Salk, M.D., the Institute is an independent nonprofit organization and architectural landmark.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
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The average age of women becoming mothers has risen in the United States, and in the last 20 years, a few women have even entered motherhood in their 60s.
By implanting embryos produced by in-vitro fertilization using egg cells donated by younger women, women who have passed menopause can become pregnant and give birth.
A new study of 101 women age 50 and older who had children using donated eggs reveals that pregnancy at this age carries about the same risks as similarly induced pregnancies in younger women. The study is the largest one to date looking at pregnancy in post-menopausal women.
"These women do really pretty well," said Dr. Mark Sauer, senior author of the article and chief of the division of reproductive endocrinology and infertility at Columbia University Medical Center, where all the women in the study received IVF.
"If they're well-screened and well cared for, they really should do O.K.," Sauer said.
The study found women over age 50 had similar rates of complications, such as gestational diabetes and preterm labor, as women under age 42 who became pregnant after receiving donated eggs.
And although the older women had slightly higher rates of high blood pressure, that difference was small, and may have been due to chance.
The study is published in the February issue of the American Journal of Perinatology.
Pregnancy at older ages
While Sauer said the results of the study were surprising in terms of how well older mothers did, he noted that the women were highly screened and highly motivated.
"These are smart, educated, well-off people that are doing this," he said, and pregnancy after 50 is not common ? the 101 cases in the study were collected over a decade.
One 49-year-old woman in the study died while pregnant (she was included in the study because she would have been 50 at the delivery). She had concealed from the doctors that she smoked three packs of cigarettes a day, which the doctors said likely contributed to her heart attack.
In general, carrying a pregnancy is much easier for an older woman's body than producing the egg needed to conceive one.
"The uterus is a very different organ than the ovaries," Sauer said.
Under a microscope, Sauer said, the uterus changes very little with age. Given adequate hormones, an older woman's uterus can sufficiently nourish a growing fetus.
Eggs, however, are a different story.
A 2009 study from the Sackler School of Medicine in Tel Aviv concluded that age 43 seems to be a cutoff point for IVF with a woman's own eggs, which is viable with only 5 percent of women at that age. While individual cases have been reported of natural pregnancy at older ages, the very fact of their publication suggests how rare such events are.
Sauer said celebrities who have given birth in their late 40s almost certainly used donor eggs, though they may not be acknowledging it. This may be preventing greater public acceptance of egg donation, he said.
In fact, a major challenge in infertility treatment is convincing women in their 40s and older to use donated eggs rather than their own, Sauer said. With donated eggs, the success rate is about 50 percent.
But how old is too old, and who decides?
Public attitudes towards older women having children have changed since research on such cases was first published.
Dr. Richard Paulson, who worked with Sauer in the 1990s on research at the University of Southern California and is currently the director of USC Fertility, said he has noticed a shift in acceptance.
"I think society has become comfortable with [alternative] parent situations," Paulson said.
Sauer believes women should have a choice as to when they have children, but said he understands the concerns.
It was in Sauer and Paulson's research group at USC that a 63-year-old woman became pregnant in 1996. Paulson said she misrepresented herself as 10 years younger.
"We tend to require ID now," Paulson said, noting that many IVF clinics restrict whom they give donated eggs to, with a cut-off age of 50 or 55.
Fifty-year-olds can expect to live another 30 years, and so will be able to raise their children.
"I lose my own personal comfort zone when you get over 60," he said, citing the physical, emotional and financial cost of raising a child, particularly for someone entering retirement. But the doctors agreed that age alone should not be a deciding factor in whether a woman should be treated.
"Of course IVF should not be denied solely based on age," said Dr. Sherman Silber, in Saint Louis, Mo., director of St. Luke's Hospital's Infertility Center.
Paulson said the new study provides more reassurance to doctors offering a reproductive option to older women.
"It points out that it is a relatively complicated pregnancy?but as you can see, most of them get through it just fine," he said.
"But before doing donor-egg IVF on a woman in her late 40s or 50s, you should ascertain that she has a good family support system to take care of the child if she should die before the average age for women in the U.S. of 84," Silber said.
Pass it on: Pregnancy in women over age 50 may be as safe as in younger women who use donated eggs.
This story was provided by MyHealthNewsDaily, a sister site to LiveScience. Follow MyHealthNewsDaily on Twitter @MyHealth_MHND. Find us on Facebook.
LIMA, Peru ? A piece of advice for Chilean visitors to Peru: It's best not to pitch your tent next to a military base, especially if you're carrying a camera.
Two Chileans found themselves arrested this week and under investigation for possible espionage.
One is 34-year-old Maximilano Serain, a bicycle trekker who has apparently been roaming South America and set up camp near the perimeter fence of Peru's El Pato air base in the northern city of Talara.
The other, 19-year-old Nicholas Pizarro, was arrested in the border city of Tacna. Peruvian media said he was taking photographs of the Gregorio Albarracin military base.
It's not unusual for Chileans to draw suspicion or worse in Peru. Many Peruvians, especially in the military, can't forgive their southern neighbors for annexing a big chunk of Peru after winning a bitter border war in the late 19th century.
The nations are also locked in a legal battle before the International Court of Justice over their maritime border and the lucrative fishing rights it entails.
Serain was arrested Tuesday in his tent two yards (meters) from the fence that circles El Pato, local police official Maximo Saavedra told The Associated Press.
Serain told authorities he was a former Chilean marine and had recently been deported from nearby Ecuador, Saavedra said. He had a digital camera and a piece of paper that apparently contained sketches of the base, the police officer said.
Peruvian television images showed the dreadlocked man, looking unhygienic, slouched on a couch while apparently being questioned.
The local prosecutor, Marcelo Latorre, told the AP that Serain was under investigation but didn't specify for what.
Peruvian-Chilean relations have been generally good of late and Peruvian officials including Defense Minister Luis Alberto Otarola avoided the word "espionage" when questioned by reporters about the arrests of Serain and Pizarro.
In fact, neither police nor military officials would even confirm to the AP the details of Pizarro's arrest. Local reporters in Tacna said the young Chilean was meeting Thursday with his parents, the Chilean consul and Peruvian state security agents.
Chile's foreign minister, Alfredo Moreno, said vaguely that his government's information indicated that Pizarro was not spying.
In Serain's case, Moreno was more precise.
"He didn't have a camera. He didn't have blueprints. He didn't have sketches. He is a painter, which has nothing to do with the base," Moreno told Chile's Radio Cooperativa.
Serain was simply "in a place where he shouldn't have been, in a restricted area," Moreno said.
Political analyst Ernesto Velit said this week's arrests are not surprising given the historical baggage of the two neighboring countries and the pending maritime border case, which began when Peru filed suit in 2008 seeking a frontier perpendicular to the coastline rather than Chile's latitudinal claim.
The following year, Peru and Chile had a spy spat when Peruvian officials said an air force officer confessed to passing national security secrets to Chile.
Chile's then president, Michelle Bachelet, denied the allegations. But Peru's government said the officer confessed and officials had forensic computer evidence as well as incriminating records of money transfers to the airman from Chile.
"I think that until we have a definitive verdict from the (International) Court (of Justice) we will be living in this climate of suspense, tension and suspicion," Velit said.
Opinion polls in Peru show concern that Chile won't abide by a ruling if the Netherlands-based court decides against it.
Chile's recent arms buying has also fed suspicions. It spent $2.79 billions in arms from 2005 to 2009, making it a top South American buyer, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute says.
___
Associated Press writers Frank Bajak in Lima and Federico Quilodran in Santiago, Chile, contributed to this report.
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