Millions of people around the world gather around television sets for Super Bowl XLVI on February 5th. While the focus is centered on the gridiron battle between the New York Giants and the New England Patriots, football fans will also be treated to an ethical battle: The controversial issue of non-profit organizations investing millions of dollars on television commercials.
Major non-profits such as the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and Focus on the Family are veteran Super Bowl television advertisers that have been criticized not only for the content of their commercials, but also for the amount spent. For the two commercials featuring superstar NFL quarterback Tim Tebow, Focus on the Family spent $2.5 million. PETA is no stranger to controversy, and it routinely spends millions on different advertising efforts on television, billboards, radio, and other outlets. Both PETA and Focus on the Family are known as powerful and media-savvy non-profits that can certainly hold their own when it comes to balancing advertising budgets, but the question always lingers: How much is too much when it comes to marketing of non-profits?
Ethical Marketing
A business organization does not have to be a non-profit to engage in ethical marketing. Technology leader Apple, for example, has always procured a strong presence in American classrooms by offering their hardware at very low costs. In this fashion, Apple contributes to education and is capturing customers from an early age. That?s a good example of ethical marketing performed by a business organization that is decidedly non-profit.
When it comes to non-profits, the ethical label should not be applied to their marketing efforts, it should be prominently displayed in their operations. Non-profits cannot be reasonably expected to spend zero dollars in marketing. Their missions must be sold, and their messages effectively conveyed to the public. Successful marketing campaigns work wonders in several contexts, particularly for non-profits. In this regard, we can think about television commercial campaigns distributed by the United States Ad Council, like the Crash Test Dummies and Smokey Bear. A non-profit?s marketing campaigns can only be as ethical as the organizations they promote.
Just like Focus on the Family readily disclosed the amount spent on their Tim Tebow television commercials, non-profits should always exercise a high degree of transparency when it comes to their budgets, especially when it comes to disclosing the amounts allocated toward marketing. Anything related to finances must be straightforward. A rule of thumb for non-profit managers and directors to follow is that if a proposed marketing expenditure makes them feel uneasy, then they should not undertake it.
Marketing budgets should not take away from the non-profit?s ability to perform its mission or execute its business plan, but if marketing is the engine that powers the flow of donations, then it must be administered smartly.
Social Media Marketing for Non-Profits
Non-profits such as PETA and Focus on the Family may be able to rely on Super Bowl TV commercials to spread their message, but that doesn?t mean that every non-profit should go that route. Online social networking has been a boon for non-profits with tight marketing budgets. The major social media platforms like Facebook, Google+ and Twitter are perfectly reasonable for non-profit marketing due to their low cost, community-building features and opportunities for direct engagement of donors and benefactors.
An added advantage of social media for non-profits is that it thrusts them right into the court of public opinion, where members of the social networks typically demand transparency and highly ethical behavior. Non-profits that decide to make social media their primary marketing platform should closely adhere to the ethical and moral standards that their followers expect.
About the Author: John Patterson is a paralegal and content contributor for nosamis.org, a non profit marketing site concerned with furthering the industry?s Internet ethics.
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Sequencing a patient's entire genome to discover the source of his or her disease is not routine ? yet. But geneticists are getting close.
A case report, published this week in the American Journal of Human Genetics, shows how researchers can combine a simple blood test with an "executive summary" scan of the genome to diagnose a type of severe metabolic disease.
Researchers at Emory University School of Medicine and Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute used "whole-exome sequencing" to find the mutations causing a glycosylation disorder in a boy born in 2004. Mutations in the gene (called DDOST) that is responsible for the boy's disease had not been previously seen in other cases of glycosylation disorders.
Whole-exome sequencing is a cheaper, faster, but still efficient strategy for reading the parts of the genome scientists believe are the most important for diagnosing disease. The report illustrates how whole-exome sequencing, which was first offered commercially for clinical diagnosis in 2011, is entering medical practice. Emory Genetics Laboratory is now gearing up to start offering whole exome sequencing as a clinical diagnostic service.
It is estimated that most disease-causing mutations (around 85 percent) are found within the regions of the genome that encode proteins, the workhorse machinery of the cell. Whole-exome sequencing reads only the parts of the human genome that encode proteins, leaving the other 99 percent of the genome unread.
The boy in the case report was identified by Hudson Freeze, PhD and his colleagues. Freeze is director of the Genetic Disease Program at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute. A team led by Madhuri Hegde, PhD, associate professor of human genetics at Emory University School of Medicine and director of the Emory Genetics Laboratory, identified the gene responsible. Postdoctoral fellow Melanie Jones is the first author of the paper.
"This is part of an ongoing effort to develop diagnostic strategies for congenital disorders of glycosylation," Hegde says. "We have a collaboration with Dr. Freeze to identify new mutations."
Glycosylation is the process of attaching sugar molecules to proteins that appear on the outside of the cell. Defects in glycosylation can be identified through a relatively simple blood test that detects abnormalities in blood proteins. The sugars are important for cells to send signals and stick to each other properly. Patients with inherited defects in glycosylation have a broad spectrum of medical issues, such as developmental delay, digestive and liver problems and blood clotting defects.
The boy in this case report was developmentally delayed and had digestive problems, vision problems, tremors and blood clotting deficiencies. He did not walk until age 3 and cannot use language. The researchers showed that he had inherited a gene deletion from the father and a genetic misspelling from the mother.
"Over the years, we've come to know many families and their kids with glycosylation disorders. Here we can tell them their boy is a true 'trail-blazer' for this new disease," Freeze said. "Their smiles?that's our bonus checks."
The researchers went on to show that introducing the healthy version of the DDOST gene into the patient's cells in the laboratory could restore normal protein glycosylation. Thus, restoring normal function by gene therapy is conceivable, if still experimental. However, restoration of normal glycosylation would be extremely difficult to achieve for most of the existing cells in the body.
###
Emory University: http://www.emory.edu
Thanks to Emory University for this article.
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Discovery of extremely long-lived proteins may provide insight into cell agingPublic release date: 3-Feb-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Andy Hoang Ahoang@salk.edu 619-861-5811 Salk Institute
Salk researchers find that the adult brain contains proteins that last a lifetime
La Jolla, CA---- One of the big mysteries in biology is why cells age. Now scientists at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies report that they have discovered a weakness in a component of brain cells that may explain how the aging process occurs in the brain.
The scientists discovered that certain proteins, called extremely long-lived proteins (ELLPs), which are found on the surface of the nucleus of neurons, have a remarkably long lifespan.
While the lifespan of most proteins totals two days or less, the Salk Institute researchers identified ELLPs in the rat brain that were as old
as the organism, a finding they reported today in Science.
The Salk scientists are the first to discover an essential intracellular machine whose components include proteins of this age. Their results suggest the proteins last an entire lifetime, without being replaced.
ELLPs make up the transport channels on the surface of the nucleus; gates that control what materials enter and exit. Their long lifespan might be an advantage if not for the wear-and-tear that these proteins experience over time. Unlike other proteins in the body, ELLPs are not replaced when they incur aberrant chemical modifications and other damage.
Damage to the ELLPs weakens the ability of the three-dimensional transport channels that are composed of these proteins to safeguard the cell's nucleus from toxins, says Martin Hetzer, a professor in Salk's Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, who headed the research. These toxins may alter the cell's DNA and thereby the activity of genes, resulting in cellular aging.
Funded by the Ellison Medical Foundation and the Glenn Foundation for Medical Research, Hetzer's research group is the only lab in the world that is investigating the role of these transport channels, called the nuclear pore complex (NPC), in the aging process.
Previous studies have revealed that alterations in gene expression underlie the aging process. But, until the Hetzer lab's discovery that mammals' NPCs possess an Achilles' heel that allows DNA-damaging toxins to enter the nucleus, the scientific community has had few solid clues about how these gene alterations occur.
"The fundamental defining feature of aging is an overall decline in the functional capacity of various organs such as the heart and the brain," says Hetzer. "This decline results from deterioration of the homeostasis, or internal stability, within the constituent cells of those organs. Recent research in several laboratories has linked breakdown of protein homeostasis to declining cell function."
The results that Hetzer and his team report today suggest that declining neuron function may originate in ELLPs that deteriorate as a result of damage over time.
"Most cells, but not neurons, combat functional deterioration of their protein components through the process of protein turnover, in which the potentially impaired parts of the proteins are replaced with new functional copies," says Hetzer.
"Our results also suggest that nuclear pore deterioration might be a general aging mechanism leading to age-related defects in nuclear function, such as the loss of youthful gene expression programs," he adds.
The findings may prove relevant to understanding the molecular origins of aging and such neurodegenerative disorders as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
In previous studies, Hetzer and his team discovered large filaments in the nuclei of neurons of old mice and rats, whose origins they traced to the cytoplasm. Such filaments have been linked to various neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease. Whether the misplaced molecules are a cause, or a result, of the disease has not yet been determined.
Also in previous studies, Hetzer and his team documented age-dependent declines in the functioning of NPCs in the neurons of healthy aging rats, which are laboratory models of human biology.
Hetzer's team includes his colleagues at the Salk Institute as well as John Yates III, a professor in the Department of Chemical Physiology of The Scripps Research Institute.
When Hetzer decided three years ago to investigate whether the NPC plays a role in initiating or contributing to the onset of aging and certain neurodegenerative diseases, some members of the scientific community warned him that such a study was too bold and would be difficult and expensive to conduct. But Hetzer was determined despite the warnings.
He adds that without foundation funding, the study would not have progressed to the point that its findings are published in a leading journal.
###
About the Salk Institute for Biological Studies:
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies is one of the world's preeminent basic research institutions, where internationally renowned faculty probe fundamental life science questions in a unique, collaborative, and creative environment. Focused both on discovery and on mentoring future generations of researchers, Salk scientists make groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of cancer, aging, Alzheimer's, diabetes and infectious diseases by studying neuroscience, genetics, cell and plant biology, and related disciplines.
Faculty achievements have been recognized with numerous honors, including Nobel Prizes and memberships in the National Academy of Sciences. Founded in 1960 by polio vaccine pioneer Jonas Salk, M.D., the Institute is an independent nonprofit organization and architectural landmark.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Discovery of extremely long-lived proteins may provide insight into cell agingPublic release date: 3-Feb-2012 [ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Andy Hoang Ahoang@salk.edu 619-861-5811 Salk Institute
Salk researchers find that the adult brain contains proteins that last a lifetime
La Jolla, CA---- One of the big mysteries in biology is why cells age. Now scientists at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies report that they have discovered a weakness in a component of brain cells that may explain how the aging process occurs in the brain.
The scientists discovered that certain proteins, called extremely long-lived proteins (ELLPs), which are found on the surface of the nucleus of neurons, have a remarkably long lifespan.
While the lifespan of most proteins totals two days or less, the Salk Institute researchers identified ELLPs in the rat brain that were as old
as the organism, a finding they reported today in Science.
The Salk scientists are the first to discover an essential intracellular machine whose components include proteins of this age. Their results suggest the proteins last an entire lifetime, without being replaced.
ELLPs make up the transport channels on the surface of the nucleus; gates that control what materials enter and exit. Their long lifespan might be an advantage if not for the wear-and-tear that these proteins experience over time. Unlike other proteins in the body, ELLPs are not replaced when they incur aberrant chemical modifications and other damage.
Damage to the ELLPs weakens the ability of the three-dimensional transport channels that are composed of these proteins to safeguard the cell's nucleus from toxins, says Martin Hetzer, a professor in Salk's Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, who headed the research. These toxins may alter the cell's DNA and thereby the activity of genes, resulting in cellular aging.
Funded by the Ellison Medical Foundation and the Glenn Foundation for Medical Research, Hetzer's research group is the only lab in the world that is investigating the role of these transport channels, called the nuclear pore complex (NPC), in the aging process.
Previous studies have revealed that alterations in gene expression underlie the aging process. But, until the Hetzer lab's discovery that mammals' NPCs possess an Achilles' heel that allows DNA-damaging toxins to enter the nucleus, the scientific community has had few solid clues about how these gene alterations occur.
"The fundamental defining feature of aging is an overall decline in the functional capacity of various organs such as the heart and the brain," says Hetzer. "This decline results from deterioration of the homeostasis, or internal stability, within the constituent cells of those organs. Recent research in several laboratories has linked breakdown of protein homeostasis to declining cell function."
The results that Hetzer and his team report today suggest that declining neuron function may originate in ELLPs that deteriorate as a result of damage over time.
"Most cells, but not neurons, combat functional deterioration of their protein components through the process of protein turnover, in which the potentially impaired parts of the proteins are replaced with new functional copies," says Hetzer.
"Our results also suggest that nuclear pore deterioration might be a general aging mechanism leading to age-related defects in nuclear function, such as the loss of youthful gene expression programs," he adds.
The findings may prove relevant to understanding the molecular origins of aging and such neurodegenerative disorders as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
In previous studies, Hetzer and his team discovered large filaments in the nuclei of neurons of old mice and rats, whose origins they traced to the cytoplasm. Such filaments have been linked to various neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease. Whether the misplaced molecules are a cause, or a result, of the disease has not yet been determined.
Also in previous studies, Hetzer and his team documented age-dependent declines in the functioning of NPCs in the neurons of healthy aging rats, which are laboratory models of human biology.
Hetzer's team includes his colleagues at the Salk Institute as well as John Yates III, a professor in the Department of Chemical Physiology of The Scripps Research Institute.
When Hetzer decided three years ago to investigate whether the NPC plays a role in initiating or contributing to the onset of aging and certain neurodegenerative diseases, some members of the scientific community warned him that such a study was too bold and would be difficult and expensive to conduct. But Hetzer was determined despite the warnings.
He adds that without foundation funding, the study would not have progressed to the point that its findings are published in a leading journal.
###
About the Salk Institute for Biological Studies:
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies is one of the world's preeminent basic research institutions, where internationally renowned faculty probe fundamental life science questions in a unique, collaborative, and creative environment. Focused both on discovery and on mentoring future generations of researchers, Salk scientists make groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of cancer, aging, Alzheimer's, diabetes and infectious diseases by studying neuroscience, genetics, cell and plant biology, and related disciplines.
Faculty achievements have been recognized with numerous honors, including Nobel Prizes and memberships in the National Academy of Sciences. Founded in 1960 by polio vaccine pioneer Jonas Salk, M.D., the Institute is an independent nonprofit organization and architectural landmark.
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
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The average age of women becoming mothers has risen in the United States, and in the last 20 years, a few women have even entered motherhood in their 60s.
By implanting embryos produced by in-vitro fertilization using egg cells donated by younger women, women who have passed menopause can become pregnant and give birth.
A new study of 101 women age 50 and older who had children using donated eggs reveals that pregnancy at this age carries about the same risks as similarly induced pregnancies in younger women. The study is the largest one to date looking at pregnancy in post-menopausal women.
"These women do really pretty well," said Dr. Mark Sauer, senior author of the article and chief of the division of reproductive endocrinology and infertility at Columbia University Medical Center, where all the women in the study received IVF.
"If they're well-screened and well cared for, they really should do O.K.," Sauer said.
The study found women over age 50 had similar rates of complications, such as gestational diabetes and preterm labor, as women under age 42 who became pregnant after receiving donated eggs.
And although the older women had slightly higher rates of high blood pressure, that difference was small, and may have been due to chance.
The study is published in the February issue of the American Journal of Perinatology.
Pregnancy at older ages
While Sauer said the results of the study were surprising in terms of how well older mothers did, he noted that the women were highly screened and highly motivated.
"These are smart, educated, well-off people that are doing this," he said, and pregnancy after 50 is not common ? the 101 cases in the study were collected over a decade.
One 49-year-old woman in the study died while pregnant (she was included in the study because she would have been 50 at the delivery). She had concealed from the doctors that she smoked three packs of cigarettes a day, which the doctors said likely contributed to her heart attack.
In general, carrying a pregnancy is much easier for an older woman's body than producing the egg needed to conceive one.
"The uterus is a very different organ than the ovaries," Sauer said.
Under a microscope, Sauer said, the uterus changes very little with age. Given adequate hormones, an older woman's uterus can sufficiently nourish a growing fetus.
Eggs, however, are a different story.
A 2009 study from the Sackler School of Medicine in Tel Aviv concluded that age 43 seems to be a cutoff point for IVF with a woman's own eggs, which is viable with only 5 percent of women at that age. While individual cases have been reported of natural pregnancy at older ages, the very fact of their publication suggests how rare such events are.
Sauer said celebrities who have given birth in their late 40s almost certainly used donor eggs, though they may not be acknowledging it. This may be preventing greater public acceptance of egg donation, he said.
In fact, a major challenge in infertility treatment is convincing women in their 40s and older to use donated eggs rather than their own, Sauer said. With donated eggs, the success rate is about 50 percent.
But how old is too old, and who decides?
Public attitudes towards older women having children have changed since research on such cases was first published.
Dr. Richard Paulson, who worked with Sauer in the 1990s on research at the University of Southern California and is currently the director of USC Fertility, said he has noticed a shift in acceptance.
"I think society has become comfortable with [alternative] parent situations," Paulson said.
Sauer believes women should have a choice as to when they have children, but said he understands the concerns.
It was in Sauer and Paulson's research group at USC that a 63-year-old woman became pregnant in 1996. Paulson said she misrepresented herself as 10 years younger.
"We tend to require ID now," Paulson said, noting that many IVF clinics restrict whom they give donated eggs to, with a cut-off age of 50 or 55.
Fifty-year-olds can expect to live another 30 years, and so will be able to raise their children.
"I lose my own personal comfort zone when you get over 60," he said, citing the physical, emotional and financial cost of raising a child, particularly for someone entering retirement. But the doctors agreed that age alone should not be a deciding factor in whether a woman should be treated.
"Of course IVF should not be denied solely based on age," said Dr. Sherman Silber, in Saint Louis, Mo., director of St. Luke's Hospital's Infertility Center.
Paulson said the new study provides more reassurance to doctors offering a reproductive option to older women.
"It points out that it is a relatively complicated pregnancy?but as you can see, most of them get through it just fine," he said.
"But before doing donor-egg IVF on a woman in her late 40s or 50s, you should ascertain that she has a good family support system to take care of the child if she should die before the average age for women in the U.S. of 84," Silber said.
Pass it on: Pregnancy in women over age 50 may be as safe as in younger women who use donated eggs.
This story was provided by MyHealthNewsDaily, a sister site to LiveScience. Follow MyHealthNewsDaily on Twitter @MyHealth_MHND. Find us on Facebook.
LIMA, Peru ? A piece of advice for Chilean visitors to Peru: It's best not to pitch your tent next to a military base, especially if you're carrying a camera.
Two Chileans found themselves arrested this week and under investigation for possible espionage.
One is 34-year-old Maximilano Serain, a bicycle trekker who has apparently been roaming South America and set up camp near the perimeter fence of Peru's El Pato air base in the northern city of Talara.
The other, 19-year-old Nicholas Pizarro, was arrested in the border city of Tacna. Peruvian media said he was taking photographs of the Gregorio Albarracin military base.
It's not unusual for Chileans to draw suspicion or worse in Peru. Many Peruvians, especially in the military, can't forgive their southern neighbors for annexing a big chunk of Peru after winning a bitter border war in the late 19th century.
The nations are also locked in a legal battle before the International Court of Justice over their maritime border and the lucrative fishing rights it entails.
Serain was arrested Tuesday in his tent two yards (meters) from the fence that circles El Pato, local police official Maximo Saavedra told The Associated Press.
Serain told authorities he was a former Chilean marine and had recently been deported from nearby Ecuador, Saavedra said. He had a digital camera and a piece of paper that apparently contained sketches of the base, the police officer said.
Peruvian television images showed the dreadlocked man, looking unhygienic, slouched on a couch while apparently being questioned.
The local prosecutor, Marcelo Latorre, told the AP that Serain was under investigation but didn't specify for what.
Peruvian-Chilean relations have been generally good of late and Peruvian officials including Defense Minister Luis Alberto Otarola avoided the word "espionage" when questioned by reporters about the arrests of Serain and Pizarro.
In fact, neither police nor military officials would even confirm to the AP the details of Pizarro's arrest. Local reporters in Tacna said the young Chilean was meeting Thursday with his parents, the Chilean consul and Peruvian state security agents.
Chile's foreign minister, Alfredo Moreno, said vaguely that his government's information indicated that Pizarro was not spying.
In Serain's case, Moreno was more precise.
"He didn't have a camera. He didn't have blueprints. He didn't have sketches. He is a painter, which has nothing to do with the base," Moreno told Chile's Radio Cooperativa.
Serain was simply "in a place where he shouldn't have been, in a restricted area," Moreno said.
Political analyst Ernesto Velit said this week's arrests are not surprising given the historical baggage of the two neighboring countries and the pending maritime border case, which began when Peru filed suit in 2008 seeking a frontier perpendicular to the coastline rather than Chile's latitudinal claim.
The following year, Peru and Chile had a spy spat when Peruvian officials said an air force officer confessed to passing national security secrets to Chile.
Chile's then president, Michelle Bachelet, denied the allegations. But Peru's government said the officer confessed and officials had forensic computer evidence as well as incriminating records of money transfers to the airman from Chile.
"I think that until we have a definitive verdict from the (International) Court (of Justice) we will be living in this climate of suspense, tension and suspicion," Velit said.
Opinion polls in Peru show concern that Chile won't abide by a ruling if the Netherlands-based court decides against it.
Chile's recent arms buying has also fed suspicions. It spent $2.79 billions in arms from 2005 to 2009, making it a top South American buyer, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute says.
___
Associated Press writers Frank Bajak in Lima and Federico Quilodran in Santiago, Chile, contributed to this report.
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